Alkaloids muaj nyob rau hauv ntau cov nroj tsuag, piv txwv li, thaum peb yuav yams, peb pom peb txhais tes khaus tom qab tev lawv. Yog tias peb txhais tes kov lub ntsej muag, caj dab, thiab lwm qhov chaw, lawv ua khaus heev thiab tig liab sai sai. Qhov no yog thaum daim tawv nqaij los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv yams, suav nrog alkaloids. Nyob rau ntawm no, siv ib co vinegar thiab nws yuav sai sai txo qhov khaus.
Alkaloids yog cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob. Alkaloids yuav tsum muaj cov nroj tsuag alkaloids, thiab alkaloids, xws li tshuaj lom neeg xws li flavonoids thiab saponins, yog ib pawg loj. Nroj tsuag rho tawm tsis yog hais txog cov tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis sib xyaw ua ke. Feem ntau, cov nroj tsuag alkaloids, cog saponins, flavonoids thiab lwm yam tshuaj muaj peev xwm muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Muaj ntau ntau hom alkaloids, thiab alkaloids nrog cov qauv ntshiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua kaum ob hom raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj, thiab lawv cov kev sib txawv hauv qab no:
(1) zoo-ntshiab alkaloids, feem ntau yog crystalline solids thiab ob peb yog amorphous hmoov. Qee cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj oxygen yog kua hauv chav sov, xws li nicotine thiab hemlock.
(2) xim-qee yog cov xim tsis muaj xim, qee cov xim muaj xim, xws li berberine yog daj.
(3) tsw-alkaloids lossis lawv cov ntsev feem ntau iab thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw.
(4) Acidity-feem ntau alkaloids teb rau hauv txoj kev alkaline, uas tuaj yeem tig liab litmus daim ntawv xiav. Ob peb alkaloids tsis muaj zog hauv nruab nrab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntsiab lus nitrogen atoms, ib tus neeg molecules kuj muaj cov acidic pawg, xws li phenolic hydroxyl pawg lossis carboxyl pawg, yog li lawv yog acid-base amphoteric, xws li morphine thiab arecoline.
(5) Solubility-biological alkaloids tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov dej-insoluble alkaloids thiab dej-soluble alkaloids, feem ntau yog cov dej-insoluble kab mob. Lawv yog insoluble thiab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov organic agents xws li chlorine raug mob, ether, ethanol, acetone, thiab lwm yam, thiab kuj yuav yaj nyob rau hauv aqueous tov ntawm dilute acid los tsim cov ntsev. Alkaloid ntsev yog soluble hauv dej ntau dua li cov kuab tshuaj organic. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv dav hauv kev rho tawm, sib cais thiab ua kom huv ntawm alkaloids.
(6) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus-Alkaloids muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nag lossis daus rau ntau cov reagents (feem ntau yog hlau ntsev thiab macromolecular acids). Feem ntau siv alkaloid precipitants suav nrog iodine reagent, potassium mercuric iodide reagent, potassium iodide reagent, mercuric chloride reagent, tannic acid reagent, picric acid reagent, tooj liab molybdic acid reagent, silicotungstic acid reagent thiab hais txog. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm alkaloid nag lossis daus, peb yuav tsum xyuam xim rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein thiab lwm yam khoom. Ntau alkaloids tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam kev hloov xim pom tseeb thaum lawv ntsib qee cov reagents. Cov neeg siv cov xim alkaloid feem ntau yog cov concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid tov uas muaj me me ntawm formaldehyde, concentrated sulfuric acid tov uas muaj me me ntawm ammonium molybdate, thiab concentrated sulfuric acid tov uas muaj 5% ammonium vanadate.
(7) Kev sib hloov kho qhov muag-feem ntau alkaloids muaj kev sib hloov kho qhov muag, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv tau sab laug kho qhov muag.
(8) Volatility-feem ntau alkaloids tsis yog volatile nyob rau hauv ib txwm siab thiab tsis tuaj yeem distilled nrog dej vapor. Kev zam rau tus kheej, xws li ephedrine.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, Alkaloids yog ib chav kawm ntawm nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw uas feem ntau muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws thiab feem ntau muaj zog lossis tshwj xeeb kev ua haujlwm lom neeg. Lawv yog cov khoom xyaw nquag hauv ntau cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab. Txog tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm ntau tshaj 2000 alkaloids cais los ntawm tib neeg los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, yog li lawv feem ntau hu ua "cog alkaloids". Yuav luag tag nrho cov alkaloids belongs rau heterocyclic pawg ntawm cov tebchaw, nrog complex molecular lug. Lawv cov ntsiab lus muaj xws li C, H, O, N, thiab nitrogen atoms feem ntau nyob hauv lub nplhaib. Ob peb kuj muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj oxygen, xws li arecoline, nicotine, resveratrol, thiab lwm yam.
Alkaloids feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell kua txiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog ntau yam organic acids los tsim cov ntsev, xws li morphine thiab papaveric acid nyob rau hauv opium; Quinine nyob rau hauv cov tawv ntoo ntawm cinchona ntoo khi rau quinine tannic acid. Lwm cov alkaloids xws li tannates, oxalates, citrate, tartrate, malate, thiab lwm yam. Alkaloids muaj dav nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag dicotyledonous, tsawg dua hauv cov nroj tsuag monocotyledonous, thiab tsawg dua hauv cov nroj tsuag coniferous thiab cryptogamous. Cov nroj tsuag hauv Papaveraceae, Solanaceae, Fanghexiaceae, Rubiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Leguminosae, Oleander, thiab Lycoriaceae tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv biological compounds. Cov nroj tsuag cuam tshuam feem ntau muaj alkaloids nrog cov qauv tshuaj zoo sib xws lossis zoo ib yam. Ib tsob nroj feem ntau muaj ntau tshaj ib qho alkaloid, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib tsob nroj txawv. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm camptothecin nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav, stems, bark, nplooj, thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm camptotheca acuminata sib txawv, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, tus nqi ntawm alkaloids muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag feem ntau sib txawv nyob rau hauv txawv kev loj hlob theem. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm alkaloids hauv cov khoom nruab nrog cev yog tsawg heev, feem ntau qis dua 1%, tab sis qee qhov tuaj yeem ncav cuag siab li 10-15%, xws li cov tawv ntoo ntawm cov pheasants golden.